California 2025 E-Bike Law Changes: SB 1271 Guide

What is SB 1271? The Game-Changing E-Bike Legislation

SB 1271 is part of California's broader effort to keep pace with the state's rapidly growing e-bike population. With e-bike sales increasing over 70% from 2020 to 2022, according to national industry reports, the state is tightening rules to ensure safety and consistency on roads and trails.

Signed by Governor Gavin Newsom in September 2024, this comprehensive bill addresses four critical areas:

Motor power limitations
Throttle use restrictions
Speed limit clarifications
Battery safety requirements

The Driving Forces Behind SB 1271

The legislation responds to several urgent issues:

Increasing incidents of modified e-bikes exceeding legal speed limits
Rising concerns about battery fires and electrical safety
Need for clearer enforcement guidelines
Protection of pedestrians and cyclists on shared paths

Major Changes to E-Bike Classifications

Revised Class Definitions Under SB 1271

Class 1 E-Bikes (Pedal-Assist Only):

Maximum speed: 20 mph
New Rule: Absolutely no throttle capability (except 3.7 mph walk assist)
Motor assistance only while pedaling
Must have fully operable pedals

Class 2 E-Bikes (Throttle-Enabled):

Maximum speed: 20 mph on throttle or pedal assist
Can use throttle without pedaling
Most flexible classification for various riding styles

Class 3 E-Bikes (High-Speed Pedal-Assist):

Maximum speed: 28 mph on pedal assist only
Critical Change: Class 3 e-bikes can no longer have a throttle that propels the bike without pedaling. However, they may include a walk-assist throttle that moves the bike at low speed (up to ~3.7 mph)
Required speedometer
Helmet mandatory for riders under 18

For riders considering different e-bike options, explore our comprehensive e-bike classification guide.

The 750-Watt Motor Power Cap Revolution

One of the biggest changes involves motor power limitations. The new law eliminates this distinction — now all power measurements count, whether they're sustained or momentary. Under SB 1271, 750 watts is the absolute cap. If your bike's motor can push past that limit, even for a second, it's no longer legally considered an e-bike in California.

Previous vs. New Standards:

Before 2025: "Continuous power" up to 750W with peak power spikes allowed
After 2025: Absolute 750W maximum at any time

This change significantly impacts:

Marketing practices: Manufacturers can no longer advertise peak power ratings above 750W
Existing e-bikes: Many current models may no longer qualify as "e-bikes"
Performance expectations: More consistent power delivery across all models

Throttle Use Restrictions: What's Legal Now?

The End of High-Speed Throttle E-Bikes

Under both California Vehicle Code §312.5 and the updated 2025 regulations via SB 1271: Class 3 e-bikes must be pedal-assist only. They cannot include a throttle that propels the bike without pedaling

Key Throttle Rules:

Class 1: No throttle except walk-assist (≤3.7 mph)
Class 2: Full throttle capability up to 20 mph
Class 3: No propulsion throttle, walk-assist only

The Walk-Assist Exception

The law permits a walk-assist throttle up to 3.7 mph for all classes. That's "likely because that is exactly 6 km/h, which is the regulation used in most EU countries that allow throttles to operate up to 6 km/h," ElecTrek explains in their analysis of the new regulations.

This feature allows riders to:

Move bikes in tight spaces
Navigate crowded areas safely
Assist with parking and positioning

Learn more about optimizing your e-bike setup in our detailed throttle vs. pedal-assist comparison.

What E-Bikes Are Now Illegal in California?

Vehicles No Longer Classified as "E-Bikes"

The following vehicles are not electric bicycles under this code and shall not be advertised, sold, offered for sale, or labeled as electric bicycles:

Modifiable High-Speed E-Bikes: A vehicle with two or three wheels powered by an electric motor that is intended by the manufacturer to be modifiable to attain a speed greater than 20 miles per hour on motor power alone or to attain more than 750 watts of power
Modified E-Bikes: Bikes that have been altered to exceed legal specifications
Pedal-Removed Vehicles: Any e-bike with operable pedals removed

The "Unlocking" Problem

If an e-bike has a throttle and exceeds 20 mph under motor power alone, it does not qualify as an electric bicycle under California law. It may instead be regulated as a moped or motor-driven cycle

Many e-bikes ship with software limitations that can be "unlocked" through display settings. Under SB 1271, even the capability to be unlocked for higher speeds makes a bike non-compliant, regardless of current settings.

Battery Safety Requirements: The 2026 Deadline

Mandatory Certification Standards

E-bike batteries are crucial but can pose fire risks if poorly made. Starting January 1, 2026, all electric bike batteries sold in California must comply with safety standards set by the State Fire Marshal

Timeline for Battery Compliance:

2025: Transition period for manufacturers
January 1, 2026: All new e-bike batteries must be certified
January 1, 2028: All rental e-bikes must have certified batteries

Required Testing Standards

Bill 1271 requires all e-bikes sold in California to have their batteries tested and certified by accredited labs. In fact, it is now illegal for any person to distribute, sell, or lease an electric bicycle or any powered mobility device unless the battery of that device has been tested by an accredited testing laboratory

Accepted Certifications:

ANSI/CAN/UL 2849 (complete e-bike systems)
ANSI/CAN/UL 2271 (lithium-ion batteries)
European standard EN 15194 (additional recognized standard)

For guidance on selecting safe battery systems, check our e-bike battery safety guide.

Where You Can Legally Ride Different E-Bike Classes

Updated Trail and Path Access Rules

California's updated laws bring much-needed clarity to the sometimes confusing world of e-bike trail access. The rules now clearly define where different e-bike classes can ride:

Class 1 and 2 E-Bikes:

Bicycle lanes and paths
Most multi-use trails
Bike paths in parks (unless specifically prohibited)
Road shoulders where bicycles are permitted

Class 3 E-Bikes:

Roads and designated bike lanes
Restricted from: Most shared-use paths and trails
Speed limitations in crowded areas
May require special permits for certain areas

Local Jurisdiction Variations

E-bike class still affects where you can legally ride: Class 1 and 2: Generally allowed on bike paths, lanes, and multi-use trails · Class 3: Allowed on roads and designated bike lanes, but often restricted from trails and shared paths · Always check your local city or county regulations—some areas impose stricter rules

Examples of Local Restrictions:

Some beach communities have banned e-bikes from boardwalks
Mountain bike trails may have specific e-bike policies
Parks departments often set their own rules

Age Requirements and Helmet Laws

Updated Age and Safety Requirements

Class 3 e-bikes now come with stricter requirements:

Helmet Requirements:

All riders under 18: Must wear helmets on any e-bike class
Class 3 riders: Helmet required regardless of age in some jurisdictions
Recommended for all: Regardless of legal requirements

Age Restrictions:

Class 1 and 2: No minimum age, but helmet required under 18
Class 3: Varies by jurisdiction, often 16+ recommended

Enforcement and Penalties

How the New Laws Are Enforced

The real issue with this legislation is the absolute 750w cap on power output. From what I've seen over here in Cali, for enforcement, that police will pace you in their cruiser. If you go over 30mph, boom. If you go over 20 without pedaling, boom

Common Enforcement Methods:

Police pacing with vehicles
Speed radar checks
Visual inspections for modifications
Class label verification

Penalties for Non-Compliance

Under SB-1271, any vehicle that doesn't meet California's e-bike definition can't be marketed, sold, or labeled as an e-bike. And yes, non-compliance can lead to criminal charges, as violations of the Vehicle Code are considered crimes in California

Potential Consequences:

Riders: Citations for operating illegal vehicles
Retailers: Criminal charges for false advertising
Manufacturers: Market access restrictions
Rental Companies: License revocation for non-certified fleets

Impact on E-Bike Manufacturers and Retailers

Industry Adaptation to SB 1271

Manufacturers can no longer market motors as having higher peak power than this limit under SB-1271. As mentioned, electric bike manufacturers and sellers can no longer legally market Class 3 electric bikes with throttles

Manufacturing Changes:

Redesigned motor controllers to prevent power spikes above 750W
Elimination of "unlockable" features in software
Enhanced class labeling and documentation
Improved battery safety testing protocols

Retail Compliance Requirements

New Retailer Obligations:

Provide test reports for all battery systems
Accurate class labeling on all models
Documentation of motor power specifications
Customer education about legal usage

Battery Fire Prevention: A Critical Safety Focus

The Growing Concern

"Most e-bikes and e-scooters are powered by lithium-ion batteries. This is the same type of battery that powers many of today's electric vehicles, cell phones, laptops, and power tools. Though generally safe, if the batteries are poorly manufactured or abused they carry a fire risk," bill drafters wrote

Fire Risk Factors:

Uncertified aftermarket batteries
Improper charging practices
Physical damage to battery cells
Overcharging and overheating

SB 1271's Safety Solutions

"Experts point to uncertified batteries as being a major factor in the risk of lithium-ion battery fires. In order to protect consumers and the public, low quality powered personal mobility devices must be removed from the market"

Key Safety Measures:

Mandatory third-party testing
Fire-resistant storage requirements
Clear disposal guidelines
Improved charging safety standards

Preparing for Future Changes

Timeline of Implementation

2025 Implementation Phase:

All classification changes in effect
Motor power limits enforced
Throttle restrictions active

2026 Requirements:

Battery certification mandatory for all sales
Enhanced safety testing required

2028 Full Compliance:

Rental fleet certification required
Complete industry transition

What E-Bike Buyers Should Know

Buying Smart in 2025:

Verify Class Compliance: Check that class labels match actual capabilities
Confirm Power Ratings: Ensure motors don't exceed 750W absolute maximum
Battery Certification: Look for ANSI/CAN/UL 2849 for bikes and ANSI/CAN/UL 2271 for batteries
Future-Proof Purchases: Choose models already meeting 2026 battery standards

Preparation Checklist for Current E-Bike Owners

Know your class: Check your bike's sticker or user manual to confirm its class · Stay within limits: Don't modify motor power or throttle features illegally · Check your battery: Make sure it's certified—or will be by 2026 · Ride smart: Follow helmet rules and age limits, especially for Class 3 bikes

For detailed compliance guidance, consult our SB 1271 compliance checklist.

National Implications: California as a Model

Potential Nationwide Impact

If SB 1271 becomes law, it could serve as a model for other states, providing clearer distinctions between e-bike classes and ensuring greater safety for riders and pedestrians alike

States Watching California:

Michigan: Considering similar throttle restrictions
Utah: Evaluating motor power limitations
Wisconsin: Developing certification programs
Massachusetts: Focusing on charging infrastructure

Industry Adaptation Strategies

California's massive e-bike market makes compliance essential for manufacturers wanting nationwide success. The state's regulations often become de facto industry standards.

Expert Recommendations for Compliance

For Current E-Bike Owners

Verify your bike's current classification through manufacturer documentation
Avoid modifications that could exceed legal limits
Plan for battery upgrades if current batteries aren't certified
Stay informed about local enforcement practices

For Prospective Buyers

Research thoroughly before purchasing any e-bike
Buy from reputable dealers who understand the new laws
Verify warranty coverage for compliance-related issues
Consider future regulations in your purchase decision

For personalized buying advice, explore our e-bike consultation services.

The Future of E-Bike Regulation

Technology and Innovation Impact

SB 1271 drives innovation in several areas:

Advanced motor controllers with precise power management
Integrated safety systems for battery monitoring
Smart displays showing real-time compliance status
AI-powered assistance optimizing performance within legal limits

Sustainability and Environmental Benefits

Stricter regulations actually support e-bike adoption by:

Increasing public confidence in e-bike safety
Standardizing performance expectations
Reducing conflicts with other road users
Promoting sustainable transportation alternatives

External Resources and Further Reading

Conclusion: Navigating California's E-Bike Future

California's SB 1271 represents a significant step toward safer, more standardized e-bike regulations. While the changes require adaptation from riders, manufacturers, and retailers, they ultimately create a more sustainable framework for the growing e-bike industry.

Key Takeaways:

Motor power is now capped at absolute 750W maximum
Throttle use is restricted to Class 2 bikes for propulsion
Battery safety becomes mandatory by 2026
Classification clarity reduces confusion and improves enforcement

The legislation balances innovation with safety, ensuring California's e-bike revolution continues responsibly. As enforcement ramps up and compliance becomes routine, these regulations will likely influence e-bike standards nationwide.

California's 2025 E-Bike Law Revolution: SB 1271 Changes Everything